In 2014, businessman Goh Meng Leong borrowed $350,000 from a licensed moneylender at an annual interest rate of 240 per cent. Over two years, Mr Goh paid back a total of $700,000 in instalments to ABK Leasing. However, even though Mr Goh had paid back twice the amount he had borrowed, he still owed the company an additional $900,000 more.
ABK Leasing took Mr Goh to court to declare him bankrupt but in November 2016, the High Court dismissed ABK’s bid, the Straits Times reported. The court also ordered the company to pay Mr Goh $1,500 in costs.
Mr Goh’s case highlights two things: It illustrates that there is an alternative to borrowing money from illegal loan sharks but it also shows that turning to licensed moneylenders is not necessarily problem-free.
Before Borrowing Money
If you need a short-term loan and you are considering getting the money from a licensed moneylender, here’s what you need to know.
Why use a licensed moneylender?
The advantage of borrowing from licensed moneylenders is that they are regulated by the Ministry of Law and if you borrow money from these companies, there is a cap on how much interest they can charge, and what they can charge in penalties if you’re late in repaying.
Under the new moneylenders regulations which took effect from 1 October 2015, loans are subject to the following caps:
- Administrative fee of not more than 10 per cent of the loan principal when the loan is granted
- Interest of not more than 4 per cent per month
- Late interest of not more than 4 per cent per month
- Late fee of not more than $60 per month
- Total borrowing cost (interest, late interest, fees etc.) of not more than 100 per cent of the loan principal. This means the maximum sum a borrower has to pay his moneylender is a sum of two times the principal.
They are also prohibited from behaving in a threatening way or harassing you.
How do you find a licensed moneylender?
The Ministry of Law has a list of licensed moneylenders. That’s a good place to start.
Shop around for the best rates
Borrowing money is, in some ways, no different from buying any kind of product. Different moneylenders have different rates so shop around to find the company that gives you the best rates and conditions.
Don’t forget to check out the Law Ministry’s guide to effective interest rates to understand how to make good comparisons.
Don’t believe the ads
It’s called advertising, not reality. You wouldn’t believe an ad for toothpaste that promises to make your teeth sparkle if you use it so don’t rely on advertisements from the moneylender about the terms and conditions of the loan. Get clarification about the specific terms of the loan contract before signing up.
Beware caveats
If you take a secured loan, there is no cap on how much you can borrow. Most people typically offer their homes as security in these cases. However, consider carefully if the contract you sign allows the moneylender to lodge a caveat on the proceeds of your property if you default. When a caveat is lodged against your property, you won’t be able to sell it without first re-paying the moneylender in full. This could wipe out most if not all the proceeds from the sale.
After You Take A Loan
After the moneylender approves the loan, it is important to ensure the following:
- The moneylender should explain the terms of the contract and provide you with a copy of the loan contract. Make sure you fully understand the repayment schedule, the interest rate and the fees charged.
- The moneylender delivers the correct principal amount of the loan. The moneylender is only allowed to make an upfront deduction of no more than 10 per cent of the principal amount.
- Get a dated and signed receipt each time you repay your loan or pay any fees. Make sure the name, amount and date on the receipt is correct.
- Get a statement of account for your loans at least once in six months.
- Retain all statement of accounts and receipts.
What to do if you run into problems
You’ve now gotten a loan from a moneylender but pretty soon, you realise that things are not going as planned. The moneylender is threatening you if you’re late in making repayments. Or you find that even after repaying the principal and the interest, the moneylender says you still owe a big chunk of change. Something isn’t right. What can you do?
Know your rights
Know the moneylenders rules which govern your loan transaction. A comparison of the old and new rules are set out in the table below:
| Old Moneylenders Rules (with effect 1 June 2012) | New Moneylenders Rules (with effect 1 October 2015) |
| No upfront administrative fee | 10% maximum upfront administrative fee |
| 20% maximum effective interest rate (EIR) per year for borrowers earning less than $30,000 per year.
No interest rate cap for borrowers earning $30,000 per year or more |
4% maximum interest rate per month |
| Late interest tagged to interest rate per month | 4% maximum late interest rate per month |
| No cap on late fees | Late fees capped at $60 per month |
| Additional fees allowed in some situations | No additional fees allowed |
| No cap on total borrowing costs | Total borrowing costs (interest, late interest, fees etc.) cannot exceed more than 100 per cent of the loan amount |
Even licensed moneylenders can engage in unsavoury business practices. Here’s a list of things that they are not supposed to do, according to the Law Ministry and the Registrar’s Directions.
- Use abusive language or behave threateningly;
- Get your SingPass user ID and/or password;
- Retain your NRIC card or any other personal ID documents;
- Make you sign a blank or incomplete Note of Contract for the loan;
- Grant you a loan without giving you a copy of the Note of contract and/or without properly explaining all the terms and conditions;
- Grant you a loan willy nilly (e.g. approving a loan before even receiving your application form and supporting documents);
- Withhold any part of your principal loan amount for any reason;
- Offer short-term loans of less than one month in duration, which are repeatedly “re-financed” or “renewed” such that you do not repay any part of the principal or interest, but a 10% “administrative fee” repeatedly.
- Split one loan into two or more smaller loans such that when you cannot repay any of the smaller loans on time, a late fee (e.g., $60) for each late loan is charged.
If your licensed moneylender is doing any of the things listed above, you have the option of filing a complaint with the Ministry of Law.
Don’t renew your loan if you are in default
Since the new moneylending rules stipulate the maximum a licensed moneylender can charge for interest and late interest, moneylenders sometimes pressure borrowers who are in default to renew their loans instead. This means borrowers end up paying a 10 per cent administrative fee and 4 per cent interest – in essence, a total of 14 per cent interest a month.
This was precisely what happened to Mdm A. Mdm A borrowed extensively from a few moneylenders under the old rules and eventually paid a six figure sum to settle all monies owing, a few multiples of the principal amount borrowed.
She was approached again by moneylenders in 2016 and borrowed again, this time under the new rules. As she was unable to repay the principal amount within a month, the moneylenders told her to renew the loan by paying 14 per cent of the loan amount (10 per cent administration fees and 4 per cent monthly interest), so that additional time could be given to her to make full payment.
What borrowers are not informed is that under the new rules, the aggregated monthly interest and default interest payable is only 8 per cent per month, plus a late charge fee of S$60. When they renew their loan, they are effectively paying 6 per cent more a month than what should be due. Further, since the loan is renewed, the cap on the total amount recoverable by the money lenders (i.e. being twice the principle amount borrowed under the new rules) does not take into account the admin fee and interest paid under the previous loan.
“We have seen many cases under the new rules where the debtors have been told to renew their loan by paying 14% of the principle amount. This could possibly be an unconscionable transaction given that the debtor ends up paying more per month than what would have been due per month under the new rules” said Mr Lee Ee Yang, the managing director of law firm Covenant Chambers LLC.
A licensed moneylender is breathing down your neck. Now what?
Maybe you decided to take a loan before reading all this and you now find yourself stuck in what seems like an unfair contract. Or maybe you got a loan before the laws were changed in October 2015 to protect borrowers. If so, here are some things you can do:
Contact the Law Ministry
If you face problems with the licensed moneylender you’ve borrowed money from, you can contact the Registry of Moneylenders (1800-2255-529) or email OneMinLaw@mlaw.gov.sg for assistance. The Registry won’t disclose your details to the moneylender without your consent.
Examine your legal options
Some moneylenders might threaten to take you to court to bankrupt you in the event that you cannot make the loan repayments.
The case of Mr Goh’s fight with ABK Leasing is an example of how the courts can protect you. In this instance, the judge dismissed the bankruptcy application given the dispute by Mr Goh on the total amount owing as well as his defence that the transaction was substantially unfair.
Further, under the Moneylenders Act, The Court has the power to set aside a loan transaction and order a licensed moneylender to pay back any excess payment where either (1) the interest or late interest is excessive and/or (2) the transaction is unconscionable or substantially unfair.
According to Mr Lee of Covenant Chambers LLC: “Even under the old rules, where there was no statutory limit on the rates that could be charged for borrowers who have an annual income of $30,000 or more, it is definitely arguable that there has to be a reasonable cap on interest rates. The court can provide recourse to a debtor that has overpaid the moneylender due to the fact that interest was excessive or the transaction is unconscionable or substantially unfair by ordering a return of such excess payment.”
Get legal advice from a lawyer
You might want to check with a lawyer to see if your contract is unfair. Your lawyer will be able to tell you if you have a case. If you do, you can pursue the matter legally through the Small Claims Tribunal or the Courts under the Consumer Protection (Fair Trading) Act or the Moneylenders Act.
Speak to a lawyer over the phone
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This article is written by Jimmy Yap.
This article does not constitute legal advice or a legal opinion on any matter discussed and, accordingly, it should not be relied upon. It should not be regarded as a comprehensive statement of the law and practice in this area. If you require any advice or information, please speak to practicing lawyer in your jurisdiction. No individual who is a member, partner, shareholder or consultant of, in or to any constituent part of Interstellar Group Pte. Ltd. accepts or assumes responsibility, or has any liability, to any person in respect of this article.