Reading Time: 5 minutesBackground “Dishonesty” is an element to be established by the prosecution in a number of criminal offences, including theft and conspiracy to defraud. R v Ghosh [1982] QB 1053 had been a landmark case formulating the two-stage test on “dishonesty” as a direction to jury (the “Ghosh directions”), which comprised of:  Whether the defendant’s conduct was dishonest […]